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CHRONIC EAR DISCHARGE
Author: Dr.G.K.Hebbar
Mohan, aged 36 has been having an intermittent, copius, ordourless, discharge from his ears since childhood. It recurs whenever he gets a cold and subsides on medication. Apart from the mild hearing loss that he is experiencing and be embarrassing discharge, he does not experience any pain, or fever.
Take the case of Pramila who has a foul smelling scanty discharge from her right ear
since she was two. She too is experiencing difficulty in hearing,
but worse, the foul smelling discharge does not seem to get cured
in spite of treatment.
What are they
suffering from ? Can they afford to ignore their disease just
because it does not cause pain, bleeding or fever ? Why does a ear
drain ? What are the ensuing complications ? Can these diseases be
prevented ? Can these conditions be cured, and if so how ?
These two persons
are suffering from chronic disease of the ear. Mohan has a
permanent perforation of his ear drum resulting from recurrent
infection of his middle ear (ME). Pramila suffers from a dangerous
condition known as ‘ Cholesteatoma’. While the former is relatively
safe the latter is potentially dangerous. The management of both
these disease entitles is entirely different. Though the former does
not required immediate surgical intervention to latter needs to be
treated as soon as possible avoid complications.
Anatomical aspects of middle ear system
In order to
understand the nature of these diseases I will dwell briefly on the
anatomical aspect of the middle ear system. The middle ear per se
is an add air filled cavity in the temporal bone, bound on the
outer aspect by the paper thin ear drum and communicates with the Nasopharynx (the region behind the nasal cavity and above the soft
palate) through a bony-cartilagenous tube called Eustachian Tube (ET).
This tube is responsible for aerating the middle ear and clearing
mucus from the middle ear.
The middle ear also communicates with several air cells in the temporal bone known as mastoid air cells. The Eustachian tube, middle ear, and the mastoid air cells are collectively known as the ‘middle ear system.’ The temporal lobe of the brain is separated from this system by a thin shelf of bone known as the ‘Dural Plate’ and the inner ear lies on its inner aspect.
Sequence of events- safe perforation & cholesteatoma
What is the likely sequence of events leading to a chronic ear? Middle ear ventilation and mucus clearance is the primary role of the eustachian tube. Defective ventilation due to anatomic and physiologic abnormalities of the ET is likely to play a part in the initial phase of this disease and failure to clear mucus due to increased viscosity have a major role in the established state. This derangement in the function of the tube results in accumulation of fluid in the ME. This fluid is rich in enzymes which weakens the ear drum and initiates chronic changes in the mucus membrane of the ME.
Generally the patient does not notice this phase. When this accumulated fluid becomes secondarily infected, the weakened ear drum gives way and the ear starts discharging. Although the initial acute infection can be controlled, the existence of a chronic ear drum defect constitutes a permanent threat of reunification of the middle ear from the external auditory canal or by aspiration of secretions from the nasopharynx via the ET. This type of perforation in the Pars tensa of the ear drum is known as a ‘Central’ perforation and is generally called a safe type of perforation since they are less likely to lead to dangerous complications (Fig. 3a). However epithelium is known to migrate into the ME system through a large ear drum perforation and lead to Cholesteatoma (Unsafe variety).
On the other hand, if the weakened ear drum recedes inwards and forms pockets, it loses its self-cleansing power and forms a trap for the migrating epithelium. As more and more epithelium is trapped the pockets enlarge into the spaces of the surrounding mastoid air cells system. This expanding pocket containing epithelium is known as a Cholesteatoma. It is rich in enzymes which can destroy bone. This process is hastened by secondary infection and the resulting chronic ear discharge is scanty and has a ‘fishy’ odour.
Complications
Since the temporal lobe of the brain lies only a few millimetre’s above the ME system, the enlarging pocket burrows through bone and eventually comes in contact with the dura which ensheaths the temporal lobe of the brain, and can lead to many intracranial complications like meningitis, brain abscess and extradural abscess. The enlarging pocket could also damage the facial nerve passing through the ear causing paralysis of one side of the face, damage the organ of balance causing severe giddiness or affect hearing in the inner ear causing deafness. This type of disease is of the unsafe variety and is diagnosed on finding a perforation in the ‘Pars flaccida’ of the ear drum and known as ‘Attic’ perforation.
Prevention & treatment
Is chronically
draining ear a preventable disease and how can established cases be
treated? For the most part the answer is yes, but this ideal is
frequently not achieved due to several reasons. The most important
is lack of awareness of parents of the significance of their
children’s earaches, especially when there is no discharge. Treatment
of the first attack of acute otitis media and subsequent management
of its chief compliclation persistent middle ear effusion are the most
crucial factors. If the child is not doing too well at studies the
parents’ first suspicion should be the possibility of the child
having fluid in the middle ear.
At this stage the
health of the ear can usually be restored, provided irreversible
changes in the ear drum or the middle ear mucosa have not already
occurred. The school authorities can play a major role in detecting
middle ear fluid in children by making yearly otologic and
audiological check ups mandatory. This will make it possible to
detect those asymptomatic cases early and treat them, thus preventing
these cases from going on to the chronic stage.
For the most part
the management of most of these cases is by surgical means. The
operating microscope has revolutionised surgery of the ear. With its
aid it is possible to perform very delicate manoeuvres in the ear
and also to detect and remove disease hidden within the numerous
recesses of the ear. This has led to very precise and safe
surgery. The excellent results achieved today were unimaginable 30
years ago. Today all surgeries of the ear are performed under the
operating microscope.
Surgical treatment – safe perforation
In a very small
safe type of central perforation of the ear drum there is a likely
chance of the perforation healing. But in cases of a medium or
large central perforation of the ear drum the defect does not heal
spontaneously and has to be sealed using a tissue graft. This type of
surgery done only to seal the defect in the ear drum is known as myringoplasty.
In adults this procedure can be performed usually under local anaesthesia. If
this defect in the drum is accompanied by damage to the tiny bones of conduction
in the ME, repair or replacement of the damaged ear bones have to be performed
in addition to sealing the drum. This procedure is known as tympanoplasty.
Both these surgeries give excellent hearing improvement in addition to putting
an end to recurrent ear discharge.
Surgical treatment - Cholesteatoma
Cholesteatoma if
unsafe is complicated to handle, surgery is dependent on many
factors, mainly on the amount of destruction of the surrounding
structures. The more extensive the damage, the more radical the
surgery. If an incomplete removal is performed chances of the disease
recurring are great. Hence it is important that the entire disease
be completely removed. If the patient has met the doctor in the
early stages and has a limited disease not spread too extensively
into the surrounding mastoid air cell system it is possible to just
remove the ingrowing pocket and even attempt reconstruction of the
partially damaged ear bones, resulting in almost normal hearing.
If the cholesteatoma has spread extensively the entire air cell system will
have to be cleaned out by drilling the overlying bone and clearing
the disease from the ME. Such a surgery is known as mastoidectomy.
The primary aim of this surgery is to eradicate this disease
completely before attempting restoring one’s hearing. If mastoidectomy
is combined with restoring hearing the surgery is known a s
mastoidotympanoplasty. Such restoration of hearing might even have to
be postponed to a second stage.
The more extensive
the damage the less likely the chances of restoring normal hearing.
If intracranial complications have occurred they have to be treated
accordingly, and generally once the acute life threatening neurological
condition is under control a radical mastoidectomy has to be
performed to eradicate the source of infection.
Antibiotics have
limited the course of such middle ear infections and reduced the
incidence of suppurative complications leading to death; still a
chronically discharging ear is not to be taken lightly. It is like
a time bomb ready to explode, but at an undetermined time.
Improved microsurgical techniques have vastly improved the management
techniques in ear surgery, with the result that ear surgeries are
virtually painless and safe. Even children can safely be operated
upon, thanks to advances in anaesthesia. The earlier one’s ear
condition is treated the lesser the trouble one could get into later.
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