|
|
Sequence of events - safe perforation & cholesteatoma
What is the likely sequence of events leading to a chronic ear? Middle ear ventilation and mucus clearance is the primary role of the eustachian tube. Defective ventilation due to anatomic and physiologic abnormalities of the ET is likely to play a part in the initial phase of this disease and failure to clear mucus due to increased viscosity have a major role in the established state. This derangement in the function of the tube results in accumulation of fluid in the ME. This fluid is rich in enzymes which weakens the ear drum and initiates chronic changes in the mucus membrane of the ME.
Generally the patient does not notice this phase. When this accumulated fluid becomes secondarily infected, the weakened ear drum gives way and the ear starts discharging. Although the initial acute infection can be controlled, the existence of a chronic ear drum defect constitutes a permanent threat of reunification of the middle ear from the external auditory canal or by aspiration of secretions from the nasopharynx via the ET. This type of perforation in the Pars tensa of the ear drum is known as a ‘Central’ perforation and is generally called a safe type of perforation since they are less likely to lead to dangerous complications (Fig. 3a). However epithelium is known to migrate into the ME system through a large ear drum perforation and lead to Cholesteatoma (Unsafe variety). On the other hand, if the weakened ear drum recedes inwards and forms pockets, it loses its self-cleansing power and forms a trap for the migrating epithelium. As more and more epithelium is trapped the pockets enlarge into the spaces of the surrounding mastoid air cells system. This expanding pocket containing epithelium is known as a Cholesteatoma. It is rich in enzymes which can destroy bone. This process is hastened by secondary infection and the resulting chronic ear discharge is scanty and has a ‘fishy’ odour. |
| ||||||||